Leather, one of humanity's oldest and most versatile materials, has served a variety of practical and artistic purposes throughout history. Its origins as a raw material date back to the earliest human civilizations, where it was primarily used for clothing and protective gear. But it wasn’t long before people discovered the potential of leather as a durable and resilient medium for creating bags. Leather’s inherent strength and flexibility allowed it to withstand the harshest conditions, making it the perfect choice for transport and storage.
The ancient Egyptians, for instance, used leather extensively for a range of objects, from sandals to storage vessels. Many of the leather artifacts uncovered from tombs have provided valuable insights into the culture and craftsmanship of the time. As civilizations developed, so did the role of leather bags—initially designed for practical purposes, they gradually gained significance as status symbols.
From Necessity to Luxury: The Transformation of Leather Bags
In medieval times, leather bags took on a more functional role. Craftsmen began making sturdy satchels for travelers, soldiers, and merchants, whose lives often depended on their ability to carry essential goods across great distances. As travel became more widespread, so too did the need for better, more reliable bags. The use of leather in crafting these bags marked a turning point in their design. While leather continued to serve as the primary material for functional items, it also began to be appreciated for its ability to convey luxury and craftsmanship.
By the Renaissance period, leather bags had become more intricate, and the designs began to reflect the artistic styles of the time. During this era, bags were often embroidered, painted, or adorned with precious metals to showcase their owner’s wealth and status. The bags were no longer merely utilitarian; they were increasingly seen as an expression of personal taste and sophistication.
The Industrial Revolution: Mass Production and Wider Accessibility
The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries reshaped nearly every aspect of daily life, and leather goods were no exception. Advances in machinery allowed for the mass production of leather bags, making them more accessible to people beyond the upper echelons of society. Leather, still revered for its durability and aesthetic qualities, found its place in more modest households.
This period also saw the rise of iconic brands that are still known today for their leather goods. Companies began to emerge that specialized in producing high-quality leather bags, blending tradition with innovation. The mass production of leather goods didn’t detract from their prestige; rather, it democratized them, allowing a wider range of people to enjoy their beauty and practicality.
The Golden Age of Leather Bags: Fashion and Function in the 20th Century
The 20th century witnessed the golden age of leather bags. As global fashion trends began to influence the everyday wardrobe, leather bags became synonymous with refinement and professionalism. Major fashion houses like Louis Vuitton, Gucci, and Hermes revolutionized the leather goods market by creating bags that were both highly functional and stylish. Leather bags from these luxury brands began to serve as status symbols, often featured in high society and the most exclusive circles.
While luxury brands led the charge in creating iconic leather bags, other companies followed suit by making their contributions to leather bag design. As fashion and functionality continued to converge, the leather bag evolved to include new styles, from the classic briefcase to the elegant tote. The use of leather in accessories such as handbags, backpacks, and travel bags helped cement the material’s status as a staple in fashion.
The Modern-Day Renaissance: Leather Bags in the 21st Century
Today, leather bags continue to hold a prominent place in the fashion world. They are no longer just functional tools but are sought-after items of luxury and style. The evolution of leather bag design has reached new heights, with a focus on sustainability and craftsmanship. Brands like Fabulive have embraced the timeless appeal of leather while ensuring that their products are eco-friendly and ethically sourced. The 21st century has seen a shift toward conscious consumerism, where buyers are more concerned about the environmental impact of their purchases than ever before.
In recent years, leather bags have gained popularity for their ability to blend seamlessly into a variety of settings. Whether it’s a professional briefcase for the workplace, a versatile backpack for a weekend getaway, or a stylish handbag for a night out, leather bags continue to be the go-to choice for individuals seeking durability, functionality, and style. The advent of sustainable fashion has also ensured that leather bags remain relevant in the eco-conscious marketplace.
Craftsmanship: The Art of Creating Timeless Leather Bags
One of the key factors that has contributed to the enduring popularity of leather bags is the artistry and craftsmanship involved in their creation. Skilled artisans spend hours meticulously working with high-quality leather to create bags that are both durable and visually stunning. The process begins with the careful selection of leather, followed by a series of treatments and stitching techniques that ensure the bag will stand the test of time.
Each leather bag tells a story of tradition, innovation, and craftsmanship. Whether it’s the precision of hand-stitched seams or the natural patina that develops over time, every detail adds to the unique character of the bag. This craftsmanship is especially evident in luxury brands such as Fabulive, where artisans employ time-honored techniques to produce bags that embody both modern sensibility and classic beauty.
Leather Bags in the Contemporary World: Fashion, Sustainability, and Beyond
As we move further into the 21st century, leather bags have become symbols of both fashion and sustainability. Consumers are increasingly seeking out products that align with their ethical values, and leather bags have not been left behind. The rise of sustainable leather production techniques, including vegetable tanning and the use of recycled materials, has ensured that leather bags remain a relevant choice for the eco-conscious consumer.
Fabulive, for instance, is leading the way in producing leather bags that not only look luxurious but also adhere to environmentally friendly practices. Their bags combine style, practicality, and sustainability, ensuring that customers don’t have to compromise on quality or ethics. As sustainability continues to shape the fashion industry, leather bags are poised to maintain their place as the go-to accessory for individuals who value both beauty and responsibility.
The Enduring Legacy of Leather Bags
The legacy of leather bags is one that spans centuries, from their humble beginnings as practical tools to their status as symbols of luxury and style. Through the ages, leather bags have remained an essential part of daily life, prized for their durability, aesthetic appeal, and versatility. As we look to the future, leather bags are likely to continue evolving, with new designs, sustainable practices, and technological advancements ensuring that they remain a cornerstone of both fashion and functionality.
The enduring allure of leather bags lies not only in their beauty but in their ability to adapt to the changing needs of society. Whether crafted by hand or mass-produced, leather bags will always represent a harmonious blend of craftsmanship, style, and sustainability.
Leather Bags Today: A Perfect Blend of Fashion and Functionality
In the ever-evolving world of fashion, where trends change almost daily, few materials have stood the test of time as remarkably as leather. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in leather bags, driven by a combination of factors such as sustainability, craftsmanship, and the desire for durable yet stylish accessories. This shift can be attributed to the growing demand for products that are not only beautiful but also made with longevity in mind. Leather, known for its resilience and timeless appeal, fits perfectly into this contemporary desire for sustainable luxury.
Leather bags have transitioned from being simple accessories to becoming statement pieces that reflect the personality and values of their owners. Today, many consumers are seeking items that offer both utility and style, and leather bags have answered this call by offering unmatched versatility. Whether it's the sleek sophistication of a leather briefcase for professionals or the casual elegance of a leather tote for weekend getaways, these bags effortlessly combine practicality with high-fashion appeal.
The Role of Leather Bags in Professional Settings
For professionals, a leather bag is more than just an accessory—it’s an essential tool for organizing daily essentials while exuding confidence and sophistication. The professional leather bag is a true emblem of success and practicality. With its sleek design and functionality, it becomes a trusted companion, capable of carrying everything from laptops and tablets to notebooks and pens, all while making a statement about the individual’s style.
Leather briefcases, in particular, are an iconic symbol of corporate culture. These bags have evolved, shedding some of the traditional rigidity to offer more flexible designs that can accommodate the diverse needs of modern-day professionals. With compartments for laptops, business cards, pens, and even mobile devices, leather briefcases ensure that everything a professional needs is within reach. Moreover, the high-quality leather used in these bags often improves with age, gaining a unique patina that reflects the experiences of the owner, adding to the bag's value.
Leather Backpacks: A Stylish and Practical Alternative
As the world has moved toward a more casual and flexible approach to work and leisure, leather backpacks have risen in popularity. Once reserved for schoolchildren and adventurers, leather backpacks are now seen as a sophisticated alternative for the modern professional. Their practical design, with multiple compartments and adjustable straps, makes them a perfect solution for those who need to carry a variety of items but prefer a hands-free option. Whether you're commuting to the office or heading to a weekend retreat, a leather backpack offers an ideal balance between function and style.
One of the standout features of leather backpacks is their versatility. They can easily transition from professional settings to casual outings, making them an excellent investment for those who value both utility and aesthetics. Leather, as a material, has the unique ability to lend an air of elegance to any accessory, which is why leather backpacks have become a favored choice for both work and play.
The Appeal of Leather Tote Bags
Tote bags, once thought of as simple, everyday carry bags, have experienced a significant transformation in recent years. Modern leather totes are now regarded as both stylish and functional, making them perfect for professionals, travelers, and casual users alike. Their spacious interiors, combined with the durability and elegance of leather, make these bags incredibly versatile. Whether it's used for carrying work essentials, groceries, or personal items, a leather tote adapts effortlessly to the user's needs.
Leather totes also offer an appealing aesthetic that balances sophistication and practicality. With the rise of sustainable fashion and eco-conscious consumerism, leather has become a sought-after material for those looking to invest in long-lasting, high-quality accessories. The timeless quality of leather, combined with its natural beauty, makes leather tote bags a classic that never goes out of style.
Sustainability in Leather Goods: A New Era of Conscious Fashion
In recent years, sustainability has emerged as a major trend in the fashion world. As consumers become more aware of the environmental impact of their purchases, there has been a push for brands to adopt more ethical and eco-friendly practices. The leather industry, often criticized for its environmental footprint, has taken significant steps toward sustainability.
Brands like Fabulive are at the forefront of this movement, producing leather bags that are not only stylish but also made using eco-friendly practices. From vegetable tanning techniques to the use of recycled leather, these brands are making strides in reducing the environmental impact of their products. By embracing sustainable leather production methods, companies can offer customers high-quality bags that not only stand the test of time but also reflect the growing demand for responsible fashion.
Vegetable tanning, for example, is a traditional method that uses plant-based tannins to treat leather, avoiding the harmful chemicals found in many modern tanning processes. This method results in leather that is both durable and environmentally friendly, and it allows for a more natural finish that enhances the leather's inherent beauty. As sustainability becomes a primary concern for consumers, the demand for eco-conscious leather products will only continue to grow, making leather bags a symbol of both style and environmental responsibility.
Personalization: Adding a Unique Touch to Your Leather Bag
One of the most appealing aspects of leather bags is the opportunity for personalization. Whether it’s engraving initials, adding decorative elements, or choosing unique color combinations, personalized leather bags offer a way to make an accessory truly your own. Customization allows individuals to express their style and make a statement that reflects their identity.
Personalized leather bags are particularly popular for gifts, as they offer a unique way to commemorate special occasions. A customized bag, whether it’s a monogrammed leather briefcase or a personalized leather tote, makes for a thoughtful and practical gift that will last a lifetime. The ability to tailor the design and details of a leather bag ensures that each item feels unique and personal, adding even more value to the accessory.
The Evolution of Leather Bags in the Digital Age
As the world has become increasingly digital, so have the demands on the accessories that accompany us in our daily lives. In the past, leather bags were mainly designed to carry physical items like books, papers, and money. Today, however, many leather bags are crafted with digital devices in mind. From padded laptop compartments to tablet sleeves, modern leather bags are designed to protect and carry the devices that have become integral to our work and personal lives.
In addition to the practicality of carrying digital devices, many leather bags now come with built-in organizational systems designed to keep cords, chargers, and other tech accessories neatly stored. This evolution has made leather bags even more relevant in the digital age, offering a seamless blend of style, utility, and technology.
The Enduring Allure of Leather Bags
The appeal of leather bags lies in their ability to combine fashion with function, tradition with innovation. From their historical roots as utilitarian objects to their current status as must-have accessories, leather bags have evolved to meet the changing needs of consumers. As the demand for sustainable fashion continues to grow, leather bags are well-positioned to remain a cornerstone of modern fashion.
Brands like Fabulive have ensured that leather bags continue to evolve in line with contemporary demands, offering products that are both stylish and sustainable. Whether it's a leather briefcase for work, a backpack for travel, or a tote for everyday use, leather bags remain a symbol of timeless elegance, versatility, and durability. In the modern world, where fashion and function must coexist, leather bags offer the perfect solution for those who seek both practicality and style.
The Craftsmanship Behind Leather Bags – A Glimpse Into the World of Artisanal Leatherwork
Leather craftsmanship has a rich and storied history that dates back thousands of years. From ancient civilizations that relied on leather for practical purposes, such as armor and clothing, to modern artisans who create meticulously crafted leather bags, the skill of working with leather has been passed down through generations. The transformation of raw animal hide into a supple, durable, and aesthetically pleasing product is a true art form that demands precision, patience, and expertise.
At its core, leathercraft is about blending tradition with innovation. While modern machinery has streamlined many aspects of the leather-making process, the hands-on techniques and skills of experienced artisans remain integral to producing high-quality leather goods. Every leather bag, whether it's a sleek briefcase or a casual backpack, tells the story of its creation—each stitch, each cut, and each decision about the tanning process reflects the dedication and craftsmanship behind the product.
Leather Tanning: The Foundation of Quality
One of the most important aspects of leather craftsmanship is the tanning process. Tanning is the process of converting raw animal hides into durable leather that can withstand the test of time. There are various tanning methods, with the most popular being vegetable tanning and chrome tanning. Vegetable tanning is a natural process that uses tannins from plant-based materials, such as oak and chestnut bark, to treat the leather. This method is preferred by many artisans for its eco-friendliness and the rich, natural patina that develops over time, making each leather product unique.
On the other hand, chrome tanning is a faster process that uses chromium salts to speed up the treatment of the leather. While this method produces leather that is softer and more pliable, it is not as environmentally friendly as vegetable tanning. Many high-end leather brands, including Fabulive, prioritize vegetable-tanned leather for their products, as it aligns with their commitment to sustainability and craftsmanship.
Regardless of the method used, the tanning process is crucial in determining the overall quality and texture of the leather. Well-tanned leather is not only more durable but also more capable of withstanding the wear and tear that comes with daily use. It is the foundation upon which all leather bags are built, and it is the reason why leather bags age so beautifully, gaining character and charm with each passing year.
The Role of Hand Stitching in Leather Bags
Hand stitching is another hallmark of high-quality leather craftsmanship. While machine stitching is common in mass-produced leather goods, hand stitching is what sets artisanal leather bags apart. This meticulous process involves threading a needle through the leather in a precise and consistent manner to create strong, uniform stitches that will hold the bag together for years to come.
One of the most common hand-stitching techniques used in leatherwork is saddle stitching. This technique involves using two needles, one on each end of a single piece of thread, to create a strong, interlocking stitch. Saddle stitching is time-consuming but produces a stitch that is far more durable and aesthetically pleasing than machine stitching. It is often used in high-end leather bags, especially those crafted by experienced artisans.
The beauty of hand stitching lies not only in its durability but also in the uniqueness it imparts to each leather bag. No two hand-stitched bags are exactly alike, as the slight variations in stitching add character and personality to the product. For many customers, the presence of hand stitching serves as a reminder of the time, skill, and attention to detail that went into creating the bag.
The Importance of Leather Selection
The selection of leather is another crucial element in the craftsmanship of leather bags. Not all leather is created equal, and the quality of the leather used in a bag significantly impacts its appearance, durability, and texture. Leather can be classified into different grades based on the quality of the hide and the tanning process.
Full-grain leather is considered the highest quality, as it is made from the top layer of the hide and retains the natural imperfections, such as scars or wrinkles, that give it character. This type of leather is the most durable and develops a rich patina over time. It is often used in high-end leather bags, as it is both long-lasting and visually striking.
Top-grain leather, while still high-quality, is slightly lower in grade than full-grain leather. It is made by sanding down the top layer of the hide to remove imperfections, resulting in a smoother, more uniform appearance. Top-grain leather is more pliable than full-grain leather, making it ideal for certain types of bags, such as backpacks and totes.
Another grade of leather commonly used in bags is corrected-grain leather. This leather undergoes additional processing to improve its appearance, often through dyeing and embossing. While it may not have the same natural appeal as full-grain leather, corrected-grain leather is still durable and suitable for those seeking a more affordable option.
The leather selection process is vital for artisans to ensure that their creations are not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing. Each piece of leather chosen must meet the specific requirements of the bag design, ensuring that the final product is both beautiful and built to last.
Designing Leather Bags: The Intersection of Functionality and Style
Designing a leather bag requires a deep understanding of both functionality and style. A good designer must consider not only the aesthetics of the bag but also the practical needs of the person who will use it. This means taking into account factors such as the size, compartments, ease of use, and the intended purpose of the bag.
Leather bags come in a variety of styles, from sleek and minimalist to bold and intricate. Professional bags, such as leather briefcases and messenger bags, tend to favor a clean, structured design that exudes sophistication and professionalism. These bags often include compartments specifically designed to hold laptops, tablets, documents, and business cards, making them ideal for work environments.
Casual leather bags, such as totes and backpacks, offer more versatility in terms of design. These bags can be larger, more relaxed in shape, and feature additional compartments for personal items such as phones, keys, and sunglasses. The design of casual leather bags allows for greater freedom in style, as they can incorporate unique features like patterns, textures, and colors, reflecting the personality of the user.
Regardless of the style, every leather bag must be designed with a clear purpose in mind. The designer must consider how the bag will be used, how comfortable it will be to carry, and how well it will age over time. Leather, with its natural texture and flexibility, lends itself to a wide range of designs, from the most basic to the most intricate, and every detail plays a role in the final outcome.
The Lasting Impact of Craftsmanship on the Value of Leather Bags
In a world where mass-produced items are the norm, the value of handcrafted leather bags cannot be overstated. The skill and care that go into creating each leather bag imbue it with a sense of artistry that is reflected in its value. Unlike machine-made bags, which can lack character and uniqueness, handcrafted leather bags carry the mark of their creators, making them one-of-a-kind pieces that tell a story of craftsmanship and dedication.
For those who invest in high-quality leather bags, the value goes beyond the material cost. The bag becomes a symbol of enduring quality, a piece of craftsmanship that will last for years, often becoming more beautiful with age. In a world that increasingly values sustainability and longevity over fleeting trends, handcrafted leather bags represent a thoughtful, long-term investment in both style and function.
The Timeless Appeal of Artisanal Leather Bags
Leather bags, especially those crafted by skilled artisans, continue to hold a special place in the hearts of fashion lovers and professionals alike. The craftsmanship behind these bags, ranging from the tanning process to the hand stitching, ensures that each bag is a unique creation that embodies both beauty and practicality. For those who appreciate quality, durability, and timeless design, a handcrafted leather bag is not just an accessory; it is a statement of style, a tribute to the art of leatherwork, and a lasting investment in craftsmanship.
As brands like Fabulive embrace the rich tradition of leathercraft, they are ensuring that the legacy of this art form continues to thrive. Whether it’s a sleek leather briefcase for the office or a stylish leather backpack for casual outings, these bags provide the perfect combination of form and function. In an age where fast fashion dominates, the enduring allure of artisanal leather bags reminds us that true craftsmanship never goes out of style.
Leather Bags and Sustainability – A New Era of Eco-Friendly Luxury
In recent years, the demand for sustainable fashion has skyrocketed as consumers become more aware of the environmental and social impacts of their purchasing decisions. The fashion industry, known for its significant contribution to pollution and waste, has been forced to rethink its approach. Traditional fast fashion, which prioritizes cheap, mass-produced goods, has been replaced in many circles by a growing interest in high-quality, long-lasting products that promote sustainability and ethical practices.
Among the various segments of the fashion industry, leather goods have also transformed. Once considered a luxury associated with excessive consumerism, leather bags are now seen as an investment in both quality and sustainability. With brands like Fabulive leading the charge, leather bags are now being crafted with a focus on eco-friendly materials, ethical production processes, and long-term durability. In this way, the leather bag has emerged as a symbol of responsible luxury.
Sustainable Leather Tanning Techniques
The tanning process is one of the most critical stages in the production of leather goods, and it has traditionally been associated with environmental damage. Chrome tanning, for example, uses toxic chemicals that can pollute water sources and harm ecosystems. However, in recent years, there has been a growing movement toward sustainable and environmentally friendly tanning methods.
Vegetable tanning is one such process that has gained significant traction among eco-conscious leather brands. This method uses tannins from plant-based materials, such as oak bark, to treat the leather. The result is a biodegradable leather that is both durable and kind to the environment. Although vegetable tanning takes longer than chrome tanning, the benefits it offers in terms of sustainability are well worth the extra time.
Fabulive, for instance, prides itself on using vegetable-tanned leather for its products, ensuring that each leather bag is not only beautiful but also responsibly made. By embracing sustainable tanning methods, brands can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a more eco-friendly fashion industry. This move toward sustainability aligns with the growing preference for products that have a minimal impact on the planet, making these leather bags an attractive choice for eco-conscious consumers.
Ethical Sourcing of Leather
In addition to sustainable tanning, the ethical sourcing of leather has become a major focus for brands committed to responsible production. The leather industry has long been criticized for its ties to the meat industry, with concerns about animal welfare and factory farming practices. However, many leather producers are now taking steps to address these concerns by ensuring that their leather comes from ethical, traceable sources.
One of the most notable initiatives in this area is the rise of "ethical leather," which refers to leather that is sourced from animals raised under strict welfare standards. These animals are typically raised on small, family-owned farms that prioritize sustainable and humane practices. Additionally, many ethical leather producers ensure that their leather is sourced as a byproduct of the meat industry, meaning that the leather is not contributing to additional harm.
Fabulive, for example, works closely with trusted suppliers who adhere to ethical sourcing practices. By using leather that is responsibly sourced, the brand not only supports sustainable farming but also ensures that their products are free from exploitation. As a result, consumers can feel confident that their leather bags are made with integrity, from both an environmental and ethical perspective.
The Durability of Leather: A Long-Term Investment
One of the most compelling reasons to invest in a leather bag is its durability. Unlike synthetic materials that may wear out or lose their shape after a few years of use, leather is a material that improves with age. Over time, leather develops a rich patina, becoming more beautiful and unique with each passing year. This longevity makes leather bags a sound investment, as they can last for decades if properly cared for.
The durability of leather is also what makes it an environmentally friendly choice. In a world where fast fashion dominates, leather bags stand out because they offer a solution to the "throwaway" culture that has been so prevalent in recent decades. Instead of purchasing a new bag every few years, consumers can invest in a high-quality leather bag that will serve them for many years. By choosing products that are built to last, consumers can reduce their overall consumption and minimize the environmental impact associated with the production of new goods.
Brands like Fabulive emphasize the longevity of their leather bags, encouraging consumers to view their purchase as an investment in both style and sustainability. With proper care, a leather bag can remain a staple in a person's wardrobe for decades, becoming even more valuable over time. This emphasis on durability aligns with the broader movement toward slow fashion, which prioritizes quality over quantity and encourages a more sustainable approach to consumption.
Upcycling and Repurposing Leather
Another sustainable practice gaining popularity in the leather industry is upcycling. Upcycling involves taking old or unused leather products and repurposing them into new, functional items. This process not only helps to reduce waste but also gives new life to leather that would otherwise be discarded.
For example, some brands are using upcycled leather to create new bags, wallets, and accessories. This process involves collecting leather from old furniture, jackets, or other products that are no longer in use, and transforming them into stylish new pieces. By giving leather a second life, upcycling helps to close the loop in the fashion industry, reducing the need for new leather production and minimizing waste.
Fabulive has embraced upcycling as part of its commitment to sustainability, creating products that are not only made from responsibly sourced leather but also from repurposed materials. This approach adds an extra layer of sustainability to their product line, as it reduces the environmental impact associated with both leather production and waste. For consumers who want to make an even greater contribution to sustainability, upcycled leather products offer a unique and eco-friendly option.
The Future of Sustainable Leather Bags
The future of leather bags lies in the continued evolution of sustainable practices. As consumers demand more transparency and ethical production, brands are being forced to adopt environmentally friendly practices across every aspect of their operations. From sourcing and tanning to manufacturing and packaging, every step of the process is being scrutinized to reduce the industry's environmental footprint.
As part of this shift, leather goods are becoming an increasingly popular choice for eco-conscious consumers who want to make a positive impact. By choosing leather bags made from sustainable materials and produced under ethical conditions, consumers can play an active role in shaping the future of the fashion industry. With brands like Fabulive leading the way, the leather bag is poised to become a symbol of responsible luxury, offering a timeless and eco-friendly alternative to fast fashion.
Conclusion
In a world that is becoming more environmentally conscious, leather bags are no longer just a luxury item; they are a statement of values. By embracing sustainable tanning techniques, ethical sourcing practices, and upcycling, brands like Fabulive are paving the way for a new era of eco-friendly luxury. Leather bags, once seen as a symbol of excess, are now a choice that reflects a commitment to sustainability, quality, and longevity.
For consumers who value both style and responsibility, investing in a high-quality leather bag is not only a fashion statement but also a step toward a more sustainable future. As the fashion industry continues to evolve, the leather bag stands as a testament to the power of craftsmanship, durability, and ethical production—a true symbol of luxury that can be enjoyed for years to come.