A Portrait Beyond the Frame — The Silent Power of Joan Burstein
In the world of fashion, where spectacle often overshadows substance, Joan Burstein emerges as a study in contrast — composed, quiet, and endlessly potent. There exists a photograph of her, captured by the discerning eye of The Sartorialist, that has since become more than an image. It is an atmosphere. In it, she stands still yet radiates a kind of motionless energy — a silver halo of hair framing a face both contemplative and unwavering. She is wrapped in understated textiles and adorned with jewelry that does not glitter, but glows. There is a hush around her, and yet, you feel as though you are being spoken to.
That image alone could be studied in art schools, not for its composition, but for the woman it contains. Joan Burstein is not simply dressed well; she is composed well — a portrait of legacy and legacy in portraiture. She occupies space as though she invented the concept of presence. Without a single spoken word, the viewer is made to understand that this is a woman who has lived boldly without making noise, who has shaped empires without lifting her voice, and who has commanded influence not through dominance, but through clarity.
It is no small feat to carry so much history in one gaze. And yet Joan does this with ease. That gaze is the gateway to decades of choices — some daring, some precise, all of them hers. And that is perhaps the defining magic of Joan Burstein: she is a woman who did not wait for permission to see beauty in what others overlooked. She didn’t need approval to make the untested her truth. The silence of that photograph reverberates because it reflects a woman who has already said all she needed to — through her work, her presence, her vision.
Browns Was Never Just a Store — It Was a Statement
Joan Burstein’s name is forever intertwined with Browns, the London department store she founded with her husband, Sidney, in 1970. But to call Browns a store is to miss the point entirely. It was a stage, a sanctuary, a school of style. Under Joan’s stewardship, it became the home of the avant-garde — a place where new ideas weren’t just welcomed; they were expected.
What Joan did was deceptively radical. In an industry where buyers played it safe, following patterns and statistics, Joan pursued intuition. She did not chase what was proven — she uncovered what was possible. Designers like Alexander McQueen, John Galliano, and Hussein Chalayan were not yet the titans we now recognize when she championed them. At the time, they were risky investments, names uttered in whispers or scrawled on the backs of show invitations. But Joan saw them. She didn’t just sell fashion — she forecasted its future.
Her curatorial genius lay in her ability to see not just clothing, but clothes that said something. She recognized garments as potential cultural artifacts, as expressions of philosophy stitched into fabric. Browns became an archive in real time — its racks telling the evolving story of where society was heading, where creativity was being born. And it wasn’t just about stocking these new voices; it was about understanding them. Listening to what they were trying to say — and giving them the megaphone.
Browns was known not for its volume, but for its integrity. Every garment carried Joan’s unspoken approval, and for designers, that meant everything. Being picked up by Browns wasn’t about sales — it was about legitimacy. It meant you had something worth listening to. In many ways, Joan democratized fashion’s power structure. She let talent speak louder than connections, and instinct louder than trends.
And in doing so, she left a blueprint. Not just for retail success, but for visionary leadership. One where the curator matters as much as the creator. One where saying “yes” to someone unknown can shape an entire generation of art and identity.
Jewelry as Memory — Not Ornamentation
There’s something almost ceremonial in the way Joan Burstein wears jewelry. In that iconic image, she is not accessorized so much as armored. A brooch pinned with resolve. A chain worn not for embellishment, but for its intimate weight. Earrings that look like they remember things even she no longer says out loud.
In an era where jewelry is often used as a means to dazzle or distract, Joan uses it to speak quietly of her life’s chapters. Her pieces are not declarations of wealth, but whispers of meaning. Each item appears to have been selected with an emotional precision that defies luxury branding. A ring might remind her of a particular moment in the '80s, a gallery she walked through with a friend long gone. A bracelet could carry the resonance of an anniversary or a professional turning point. These are not embellishments — they are timekeepers.
It’s easy to misunderstand restraint in an industry that prizes maximalism. But Joan’s jewelry reminds us that elegance is often a form of editing. She doesn’t need abundance to convey abundance. What she wears communicates depth, legacy, and interior richness. There is a kind of storytelling that exists beyond words, and in Joan’s case, it is told in gold, in enamel, in the soft luster of worn pearls.
This approach to adornment is instructive. It tells us that jewelry doesn’t need to scream. It doesn’t need to be new or even recognizable to others. It only needs to belong to your story, your rhythm, your rituals. Joan’s jewelry is not a costume. It is character. And in a culture obsessed with the next big thing, her refusal to perform style reminds us that the most impactful statements are often made in the quietest tones.
The Architecture of a Life — Joan Burstein’s Enduring Grace
What separates Joan Burstein from the glitterati she helped shape is not merely age, taste, or title — it’s architecture. Her life, like her legacy, has been structured with intention. Every decision, every aesthetic gesture, carries the fingerprints of thoughtfulness. You can sense it in her posture, in the way she stands as though she’s seen storms and still prefers the breeze. You can feel it in the atmosphere around her — not cold, but composed. Not aloof, but aware.
To age with grace is one thing. To age with relevance is another. Joan does both. She has allowed herself to evolve while never surrendering the roots of her philosophy. She never became a caricature of her past. Instead, she deepened. That kind of integrity is rare, particularly in the shifting sands of fashion. Her elegance is not a performance; it is her natural state — the result of years spent doing the difficult work of becoming fully herself.
There is something extraordinarily modern about her refusal to chase relevance. In a world obsessed with visibility, Joan’s power lies in her ability to be selective. She doesn't appear everywhere, and when she does, it means something. She is an antidote to the exhaustion of constant presence — a reminder that one can be timeless without being omnipresent. That one can influence without being on display.
And perhaps that’s why her story feels increasingly important. In an age driven by algorithms, analytics, and artificial visibility, Joan Burstein stands as proof that intuition still matters. That discernment is still a skill. That there is room — and need — for elders in the cultural conversation. People who don’t shout, but shape. Who don’t conform, but refine.
Let us consider, for a moment, what it means to live deliberately. To create not just a store, a wardrobe, or a collection, but an entire ethos. To age not in retreat, but in arrival. Joan Burstein’s life is a reminder that some of the strongest women don’t build empires — they build legacies. That sometimes, the loudest rooms are not the most important ones. That grace, at its core, is not passive — it’s practiced.
She has taught us — without a single lesson plan — how to live in elegance. How to know what matters. How to edit your life until only the essentials remain: vision, integrity, resonance. In this way, Joan Burstein is not just a style icon. She is a compass. And in our ever-accelerating world, her presence offers a necessary stillness — a pause that reminds us that beauty, like truth, is often found in the things that endure.
Beyond Retail — The Soul of Browns as Joan Burstein Envisioned It
To speak of Browns merely as a boutique is to diminish its essence. It was never just a building on South Molton Street. It was never simply a retail operation moving inventory from rack to register. From the very beginning, Browns functioned as something more dimensional — a living gallery, an experimental lab, an intellectual haven disguised as a shop. Joan Burstein didn’t set out to create a store. She built a philosophy in physical form.
This space, born in 1970, emerged in a London still reckoning with the aftermath of cultural revolutions. The city had seen the Swinging Sixties bloom and recede, and with that came a new hunger for sophistication without conformity. Joan was one of the few who understood that fashion wasn’t just moving forward — it was mutating, reaching sideways into art, politics, rebellion, and gender expression. In the fluid chaos of that cultural shift, she found clarity. She saw that fashion could be more than surface. It could be substance. So she offered Browns as a space for that substance to unfold.
There was no manifesto written, no press release proclaiming the store as a movement. It was all quiet intent. The choice of designers. The refusal to yield to mainstream safety. The decision to stock pieces that made people pause, not just purchase. Joan treated Browns as one might treat a sacred space: each garment curated with reverence, each room designed to hold conversation and confrontation in equal measure. It wasn’t about clothes; it was about consciousness.
To step into Browns in the early years was to walk into Joan’s psyche — and by extension, her invitation to view fashion not as a trend cycle, but as a form of authorship. Designers weren’t commodities. They were oracles. Their work wasn’t seasonal fluff. It was coded emotion. And she gave them the stage they needed before the world even knew to applaud.
Nurturing the Unseen — The Birthplace of Daring Talent
Fashion history often celebrates the breakout moments of designers — the first viral collection, the cover feature, the awards. But few look at the quiet believers behind those moments. The people who saw genius before the world did. Joan Burstein was one of those rare visionaries who believed before it was fashionable to believe. She didn’t wait for consensus. She followed her gut, and her gut was nearly always right.
In the earliest days of Browns, Joan sought out those whose work confused the conventional eye. Where others saw risk, she saw resonance. Alexander McQueen, still raw with brilliance and barely removed from Central Saint Martins, was one such name. So were John Galliano and Hussein Chalayan. The radical Japanese aesthetics of Rei Kawakubo, with her deconstructed silhouettes under the Comme des Garçons banner, were embraced at Browns when other shops wouldn't even look. It wasn’t about rebellion for its own sake. Joan responded to design that carried intention, that bent form to convey an idea.
The gravity of her support cannot be overstated. Many of the designers who debuted on Browns’ racks were not market-ready in the traditional sense. They did not cater to consumer demand. They challenged it. And Joan welcomed that challenge. In fact, she built a clientele that came to expect it — collectors, stylists, creatives who craved garments that whispered of another world. Browns became the backstage of genius before it became the mainstage of global fashion.
And Joan never lost the human aspect of her curation. She met these designers, spoke with them, learned their stories. She paid attention to how they moved, how they spoke about fabric, how their eyes lit up over cut and color. For her, fashion was a deeply personal dialogue between maker and wearer, and she acted as the translator. There’s something intimate in that act — to be the first person who believes in someone. To make space for their expression. To say, yes, the world needs this, even if it doesn’t know it yet.
In this way, Joan didn’t merely support careers — she shaped the direction of global fashion. Her legacy is not just visible in the clothes that came through Browns, but in the architecture of today’s fashion ecosystem, which owes much to her early, unwavering belief in originality.
Walking Through a Symphony — How Space Became Story
One of the most astonishing aspects of Browns was the way it told stories without ever speaking. Joan Burstein understood something that few in retail ever truly grasp: the physical space in which fashion is encountered changes how it is understood. At Browns, you didn’t shop. You wandered. You listened with your eyes. You lingered, as one does in a museum or a forest or a chapel. The space was intentional — not grandiose, not minimal for the sake of trend, but lyrical.
Walking through Browns felt like moving through movements in a symphony. One room might hum in muted neutrals and avant-garde silhouettes; another could burst into baroque textures or high-pitched color. There was a pacing to it — a rhythm that guided your experience. This wasn’t about strategic product placement or marketing psychology. It was about emotion. Joan knew how to orchestrate a mood. She knew that the right coat needed the right lighting, that certain fabrics begged for shadow, that silence could sometimes be more powerful than a mirrored display wall.
Everything in the store was curated for a visceral effect. The scent, the soundtrack, even the chairs — these weren’t aesthetic afterthoughts. They were chosen to support the energy of what was being shown. The very walls of Browns were designed to listen as much as they spoke. Customers weren’t being sold to; they were being invited into a world that Joan had dreamed and drawn out of reality.
In a way, she redefined how fashion should be consumed — not as a transactional event, but as an act of discovery. And in doing so, she created something rare: an environment where people felt differently when they walked through the doors. They weren’t entering a commercial zone. They were stepping into an alternate reality, one governed by design, curiosity, and a delicious kind of uncertainty about what they might find next.
That emotional intelligence, that ability to create a mood that transcends sales, is part of Joan’s enduring brilliance. She wasn’t just curating racks. She was curating moments. Moments where someone fell in love with an idea. With themselves. With the possibilities of who they could be.
Browns as Mirror and Muse — A Testament to a Singular Mind
There are stores that change with the seasons, and there are stores that shape them. Browns, under Joan Burstein, belonged to the latter category. But more than that, Browns was a mirror of Joan herself — uncompromising, nuanced, deeply literate in the language of aesthetics. It was her canvas, yes, but also her diary. Through the decisions she made, the designers she selected, the very texture of the space, she wrote herself into the fabric of fashion.
There is something undeniably modern — and still radical — about a woman shaping an empire from instinct rather than instruction. Joan’s independence was not theatrical. It was grounded in confidence earned through years of observing, learning, and refusing to be swayed by noise. She trusted herself. And that trust manifested in everything she touched. She did not follow; she forecasted. She did not conform; she refined.
Browns under her direction wasn’t just ahead of its time. It felt outside of time. Eternal. It didn’t pander to youth culture or succumb to the predictable pivots of market trends. It remained steady — because it had already found its center in Joan’s vision. In that steadiness, Browns became a refuge for those who didn’t want to dress like everyone else, who didn’t want to be sold a lifestyle, but rather, invited into an ethos.
Even now, long after Joan has stepped away from its helm, the residue of her vision remains embedded in the brand’s DNA. It’s in the way the new iterations of Browns still flirt with risk. Still elevate ideas over noise. Still believe that fashion, at its best, is a form of philosophy you can wear.
In reflecting on Joan’s impact, one realizes that her greatest contribution wasn’t just in the designers she helped elevate or the space she helped shape. It was in reminding the world that one person’s clarity of vision can birth something enduring. Something that challenges, comforts, and constantly evolves. Browns wasn’t a store. It was a vessel for what fashion could be. And Joan Burstein, with her quiet certainty and relentless curiosity, made sure we never forgot that.
The Quiet Eloquence of Joan Burstein’s Jewelry
Jewelry, in the hands of many, is mere decoration—a fleeting embellishment to enhance an outfit, a flashy signature of the moment. But in Joan Burstein’s world, it speaks a different language altogether. It is less about spectacle and more about substance, less about shouting and more about whispering. Her adornments communicate in a dialect of intention and memory, a nuanced dialogue only partially visible to the outside observer but fully understood by the wearer.
To witness Joan’s jewelry is to witness an eloquence that transcends words. It is a language composed not of loud declarations but of quiet affirmations. Each necklace, ring, or brooch does not compete for attention; it invites you to lean in, to notice the deliberate rhythms and textures that define a life carefully curated. It is jewelry as a living conversation — between the past and present, the visible and the invisible, the personal and universal.
In a culture overwhelmed by abundance and immediacy, Joan’s choices feel almost revolutionary. Where trends demand accumulation, she chooses refinement. Where fashion promotes fast turnover, she embraces permanence. This is not to say her jewelry is static or sterile; on the contrary, it hums with vitality, charged by the stories and sentiments layered beneath its surface. This jewelry does not decorate a moment; it elevates a lifetime.
Her adornments form an unspoken biography, a collection of touchstones that mark passageways through time. To look at Joan’s jewelry is to glimpse a mosaic of emotions — joy, defiance, remembrance, resilience — each piece a chapter in a narrative written on skin and soul. It is a quiet eloquence that commands respect without demanding it, a profound reminder that beauty often speaks softest where it is most meaningful.
Rituals of Curation — Jewelry as a Repository of Memory
The distinction between collecting and curating might seem subtle to many, but it is a defining feature of Joan Burstein’s relationship with jewelry. She does not amass pieces to fill a display or to chase novelty. Instead, she practices a form of sacred curation, where every item is chosen, preserved, and worn with profound awareness of its significance.
In Joan’s eyes, jewelry transcends fashion’s ephemeral nature to become a repository — a vessel that holds feelings, milestones, and histories. Unlike a wardrobe, which might refresh with the seasons, her jewelry is timeless because it is inseparable from her lived experience. Each piece carries an invisible weight of context, laden with private rituals of giving, receiving, remembering.
This curation begins not with the market or the stylist but with memory and meaning. A pendant might have been gifted on a birthday that marked a profound personal breakthrough. A ring might commemorate a triumph, a grief, or an act of rebellion against the expected. Some pieces might be heirlooms passed down, imbued with the echoes of generations past. Others could be serendipitous finds discovered in a faraway market, carrying the energy of place and moment.
Such jewelry is no longer mere adornment. It is a living archive, a tactile diary whose pages are inscribed not with ink but with presence and intention. Wearing these pieces becomes an act of remembering and honoring — a ritual that connects Joan to her own narrative thread and to the people and places woven into it.
This perspective transforms the act of putting on jewelry from a superficial choice into a sacred ritual. It is a moment of pause amid the rush of life, a deliberate act of framing the self through the lens of what truly matters. Joan’s adornments invite us to reconsider our own relationships with the objects we choose to carry with us — to ask what stories they hold, what emotions they awaken, and how they shape our sense of identity.
The Meditative Art of Adornment in Aging
Aging is often misunderstood in contemporary culture as a process of loss — a fading of beauty, vibrancy, and relevance. Yet, there is a quieter, deeper truth that is rarely celebrated: aging as refinement. As the years advance, the frenetic pace of accumulation often slows, replaced by a discerning wisdom that values quality over quantity, meaning over mere appearance.
Joan Burstein’s approach to jewelry mirrors this profound transformation. Her current adornments may be fewer in number compared to a younger self’s exuberance, but they resonate with a richer, more textured significance. They are not worn to conceal the passing of time but to frame it with grace and dignity. Each piece becomes a deliberate accent in a living portrait of a life fully embraced.
The way Joan layers her bracelets, the thoughtful positioning of her necklaces, and the subtle choice of rings speak to a meditative sensibility — a mindfulness about how material presence interacts with inner experience. Her jewelry is an extension of the self, harmonizing with the evolving rhythms of her body, spirit, and story.
There is also a broader cultural lesson embedded here. In an age obsessed with youth and novelty, Joan’s adornment philosophy offers an alternative narrative. It invites us to see aging not as erasure but as accretion — the layering of stories, lessons, and legacies that enrich our presence. Jewelry, in this view, is not a mask but a frame; not a denial of time but an embrace of its depth.
This perspective challenges the dominant cultural script and opens space for a new kind of beauty — one grounded in authenticity, resilience, and intentionality. Joan’s jewelry practices become a meditation on selfhood itself, teaching us that the most powerful adornments are those that echo our innermost truths.
Heritage as a Living Archive — Defying the Obsession with Newness
In a world dominated by the cult of the new, where fashion cycles accelerate and obsolescence is engineered, Joan Burstein’s jewelry philosophy stands as a quiet but potent rebellion. Her pieces are not relics of the past sealed in glass cases, nor are they mere antiques coveted for their rarity. Instead, they are living archives — dynamic repositories of heritage that continue to evolve with her, embodying a continuity of presence.
This living archive defies the linear concept of time that often governs consumer culture. It resists the pressure to discard what came before in favor of what is fresh, shiny, and instantly gratifying. Joan’s jewelry embodies layers of time, carrying the patina of experience and the vibrancy of ongoing relevance. Each piece is both an artifact and an active participant in her daily life.
By wearing these treasures, Joan reclaims the power of memory and history as sources of identity and beauty. She reminds us that heritage is not a static museum but a dialogue across generations, a conversation that shapes and reshapes itself with each wearer. In this sense, her jewelry becomes a bridge — linking past to present, personal to collective, material to spiritual.
Her approach urges us to reconsider our cultural obsession with newness and disposability. It poses critical questions: What is truly valuable? How do we honor continuity amid change? Can we find meaning not in constant replacement but in reverent preservation?
Joan’s adornments suggest an affirmative answer. They show that heritage, when worn with intention and care, becomes a source of power — a living, breathing archive that enriches identity rather than constrains it. They teach us that to wear history is to claim it as part of who we are, and to carry forward a legacy that transcends fashion’s fleeting whims.
The Radiant Dignity of Aging with Intention
There is a certain light that emanates from Joan Burstein—an inner luminosity that transcends the superficial markers of youth and beauty. It is a radiance born not of fleeting trends or external validation, but of profound internal fulfillment and self-acceptance. In an industry that often worships at the altar of youth, Joan stands as a testament to the enduring power of evolving grace. Her presence is not simply seen; it is felt. It carries the weight and warmth of a life fully lived, shaped by intention and courage.
Aging, in the conventional narrative, is often framed as decline or loss. But Joan’s journey defies this limited view. Instead, she embodies transformation—a deepening and refining of beauty, character, and influence. Her years have not dimmed her relevance or passion; they have distilled her essence into something more potent and compelling. There is a wisdom in her gaze, a softness in her smile, and a clarity in her style that speaks to a journey well navigated.
This dignity is not accidental. It is the result of countless choices made over decades—to embrace authenticity over imitation, to nurture curiosity over complacency, and to honor growth over stagnation. Joan’s aging is a narrative of intentionality, a slow unfolding of self that invites admiration not for youth regained but for life embraced. Her quiet radiance challenges the cultural obsession with erasure and denial of age, offering instead a luminous alternative: to grow older with poise, passion, and pride.
Navigating Culture, Commerce, and Selfhood Without Compromise
Joan Burstein’s story is not only one of success but of steadfast integrity. Across the shifting tides of fashion’s fickle culture and the relentless churn of commerce, she remained anchored to a profound sense of self. She resisted the seductions of spectacle and the pressures to conform. Her style, both personal and professional, evolved but never betrayed the core values that defined her.
In a world where reinvention often means reinvention at the expense of authenticity, Joan’s path offers a powerful counterpoint. She did not chase youth or novelty; she allowed her style and sensibility to mature organically. This was not passive aging but an active negotiation between the demands of the moment and the wisdom of experience. She embraced change while maintaining continuity, fostering a balance many aspire to but few achieve.
Her ability to stay true while adapting reveals a nuanced understanding of identity as fluid yet rooted. Joan did not compartmentalize her roles as a fashion curator, a jewelry connoisseur, and a woman navigating life’s complexities. She integrated them seamlessly, creating a whole that was greater than the sum of its parts. This integration reflects a deep self-knowledge, a clarity about what matters and what can be left behind.
The societal discourse on aging women frequently oscillates between fear and denial, often ignoring the richness that comes with maturity. Joan’s life and work articulate a different archetype: one where fulfillment is the reward for a lifetime of authenticity and courage. She shows that success need not diminish with time; it can, instead, evolve into something more profound—a quiet legacy of influence and inspiration that continues to resonate across generations.
The Philosophy of Legacy: A Mosaic of Daily Devotions
Legacy is often imagined as a grand monument, a singular achievement frozen in time and celebrated after one’s departure. But Joan Burstein invites us to rethink this conception. For her, legacy is not a distant endpoint but a living mosaic, composed of countless daily decisions, practices, and devotions. It is the art of curating a life as one would curate a boutique or a collection of jewels—with care, intentionality, and love.
This philosophy transforms how we view the passage of time and the accumulation of meaning. Each moment, each choice, becomes a tile in the larger tapestry of who we are and what we leave behind. It reframes legacy from being about public recognition or material success to being about the quiet cultivation of purpose, joy, and authenticity.
Joan’s life exemplifies this mosaic. Her career was not a series of isolated triumphs but a continuum of purposeful actions—selecting the right designers to champion, choosing jewelry that holds stories, and living in alignment with her values. The photograph that captures her poised elegance is more than a portrait; it is a visual philosophy, inviting us to consider how we might wear our own lives with similar care.
This perspective carries profound implications for how we live. It suggests that the ultimate luxury is not wealth or fame but the ability to curate one’s existence with clarity and heart. It challenges us to examine our priorities, to discern what facets of ourselves we want to polish and display, and which stories we want to pass on. Legacy, in Joan’s vision, is not about perfection but about presence—the mindful engagement with each day’s offerings and challenges.
Embodying a Life Curated Like Fine Jewelry
To become Joan Burstein is to embody a radical form of self-mastery—a deliberate crafting of identity that mirrors the art of fine jewelry making. Just as a jeweler selects, cuts, and polishes a stone to reveal its unique brilliance, so too does Joan curate her life’s facets with precision and love. She teaches us that style and substance are inseparable when approached with intention.
Her life is a testament to the power of subtlety and restraint. She wears fewer but more resonant pieces, not to announce herself loudly but to whisper truths about who she is and what she values. This careful selection transforms adornment into an act of storytelling and presence. Each jewel becomes a facet of identity, each gesture a reflection of a deeper narrative.
Beyond material choices, Joan’s journey reveals a broader truth about fulfillment and aging. To age like Joan is not to resist time but to harness it—to sharpen one’s sense of self rather than dull it. It is to understand that the richness of life lies not in endless acquisition but in thoughtful refinement. It is to move through decades with a spirit that grows more luminous and assured.
Her story also invites reflection on how we measure success. Is it the quantity of our achievements or the quality of our lived experience? Is it the brightness of our spotlight or the depth of our influence? Joan’s photograph, her legacy, and her philosophy suggest that true success is measured in coherence—the alignment of inner truth with outward expression.
In contemplating Joan Burstein’s life, we are prompted to ask ourselves: how might we curate our own existence as a collection of meaningful moments and choices? How might we adorn our lives not with fleeting trends but with enduring values? What if we approached each day as an opportunity to polish the facets of our character, to turn every experience toward the light?
Ultimately, Joan Burstein’s greatest creation may not be the designers she discovered or the boutique she built. It may be the self she crafted—radiant, fulfilled, and unshakably authentic—a beacon for all who aspire to live with intention and grace.
 
               
         
         
        